indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
television; TV; TV program; TV programme; TV broadcast
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
candidate; contender; prospect; candidacy; candidature; nomination
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
vote; ballot; label; ticket; tag
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
banzai; hurray; something to cheer about; something worthy of celebration; eternal life and prosperity
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
large; big; great; prominent; -sized; as big as; university
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
island; one's territory (e.g. of a sex worker, organized crime gang); one's turf
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
existence; possession; having; limited company
adds force or indicates command
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
passing through (a tunnel, station, town, etc.); passing by (e.g. of a typhoon); passage (of a bill, e.g. through parliament); carriage; passing (an examination, inspection, etc.); clearing
preliminary election; primary (election)
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
now; the present time; just now; another; more
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
department (in an organization); division; club; part; component; category
self-government; autonomy; local (governmental) autonomy
projected to win; sure to be elected; home free
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?