indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
letter; missive; note; mail
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to read; to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant; to predict; to guess; to decipher; to count
(approximate) time; around; suitable time (or condition); time of year; season
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
babysitting; babysitter; protecting; keeping; keeper
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
somewhere; anywhere; in some respects
continuously in some state (for a long time, distance); throughout; much (better, etc.); by far; far away; long ago
far; distant; distant (past); remote (in time); distant (relationship or kinship); having little to do (with someone); far (from something else in quality, degree, etc.)
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
be supposed or expected to (do); be sure to (do); ought to (do)
close friend; bosom friend; buddy; crony; chum
lover; sweetheart; boyfriend; girlfriend
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
by no means; never!; something unexpected; emergency; (arch.) currently; (arch.) for the time being
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
form; shape; figure; visage
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
parting; separation; farewell
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to write; to compose; to pen; to draw; to paint
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
I'm sorry; my apologies; excuse me; pardon me
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
please; somehow or other; one way or another
to search for; to look for; to hunt for; to search (a house, pocket, etc.); to search through; to rummage in (e.g. a drawer)
please (give me); please (do for me)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
(a) little; somewhat; somehow
strange; weird; wonder; mystery; cleverness; adroitness
painful; heartrending; trying; oppressive; suffocating; miserable