indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
name; given name; first name
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
for the first time; only after ... is it ...; only when ... do you ...; first time; (one's) first
trial; judgement; judgment
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
something; something or other; so-and-so; somehow; anyhow; one way or another
innocence; being not guilty
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to exert oneself and win; to gain (victory)
still; much more; (not) yet; still a long way to go; still a long way off; not there yet
lack of ability; inadequacy; (being) out of one's depth
new face; newcomer; rookie; modern humans (from Cro-Magnon man onwards)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
solitude; loneliness; isolation
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
to be helpful; to be dependable; to stand by (someone)
to persevere; to persist; to insist that; to stick to (one's opinion); to remain in a place; to stick to one's post
adds force or indicates command
carrying (on one's person or in the hand); mobile phone; cell phone
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
figure; design; twill weave; pattern of diagonal stripes; style (of writing); figure (of speech); design
Japanese league; ri; neighbourhood (under the ritsuryo system; orig. of 50 homes); unit of area (approx. 654m by 654m)
hello (e.g. on phone); excuse me! (when calling out to someone)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
great depth; bottomless; great height
older sister; lass; young lady
what's the matter?; what's wrong?; what happened (to) ...?; what have you done (with) ...?; where is ...?
unusual; rare; new; novel; fine (e.g. gift)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
I'm sorry; my apologies; may I come in?; permission; leave; dismissal
recently; lately; these days; nearest; closest
busy; occupied; hectic; restless; hurried; fidgety
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
how; in what way; how about
lively; full of spirit; energetic; healthy; well; fit
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
cute; adorable; dear; precious; innocent; childlike
alone; by oneself; on one's own
to neglect; to leave undone; to lay aside
cruel; heartless; violent; intense; very bad; terrible