indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
continuously in some state (for a long time, distance); throughout; much (better, etc.); by far; far away; long ago
to change; to be transformed; to move to; to be different; to be uncommon
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
thought; imagination; mind; desire; wish; love
solitude; loneliness; isolation
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
friend; ally; supporter; taking sides with; supporting; standing by
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
as a child; when one was a child; childhood
event; affair; incident; case; plot; trouble
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
chance; start; cue; excuse; motive; impetus
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
friendship; fellowship; camaraderie
now; the present time; just now; another; more
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to support; to prop; to sustain; to hold at bay; to stem; to check
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
riddle; puzzle; enigma; enigmatic; mysterious
as it is; as one likes; because; condition; state
truth; reality; truly; really; absolute truth
by no means; never!; something unexpected; emergency; (arch.) currently; (arch.) for the time being
at this stage; at this point; now (contrasting with the past)
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
in that way; thus; so; so?
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
morning; breakfast; (arch.) next morning
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
to begin; to start; to happen (again); to begin (anew); to date (from); to originate (in)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
recollection; retrospection; reflection; reminiscence
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
I'm sorry; my apologies; may I come in?; permission; leave; dismissal