this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
considerably; greatly; a lot
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
magic; witchcraft; sorcery; spell
(giving) instruction; initiation
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
Eh?; What?; Come on!; Damn!
to teach; to instruct; to tell; to inform; to preach
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
to be needed; to be wanted
pupil; disciple; adherent; follower; apprentice; young person
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
wanted; wished for; in need of; I want (you) to
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
anyhow; at any rate; anyway; somehow or other; generally speaking; in any case
to study (in depth); to learn; to take lessons in
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
any; anything; whatever; I am told; I hear; I understand
please remember me; please help me; please treat me well; please do; please take care of
master; teacher; stable master
hah (derisively); pooh; pfft (of something disappearing); poof; huff; puff
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
at once; immediately; without delay; promptly
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
pursuit of knowledge; studying; learning; training; completing a course
in that way; thus; so; so?