indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
young lady of noble birth; princess (esp. in Western contexts, tales, etc.); girl; small; cute; (arch.) prostitute
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
honorific/polite/humble prefix
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
bird; bird meat (esp. chicken meat); fowl; poultry
Lord; Sir; state minister (under the ritsuryo system); (arch.) you (in reference to someone of lower status)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at