indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
rumour; rumor; report; hearsay; gossip; common talk
product; produce; result; fruit
seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
reality; actuality; hard fact
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
death; (an) out; death penalty (by strangulation or decapitation; most severe of the five ritsuryō punishments)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to bring (news, knowledge, etc.); to introduce; to bring about; to cause; to produce (e.g. results)
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
possible; potential; practicable; feasible
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to believe; to believe in; to place trust in; to confide in; to have faith in
remainder; remnant; the rest; what is left; balance; leftovers
possibility; chance; potential; potentiality; possibility (modal property of a proposition containing no logical contradiction)
foot; paw; leg; gait; pace; lower radical of a kanji; means of transportation
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
place; location; room; space; sumo tournament
to turn (towards); to face; to head to; to go towards; to allot; to allocate
considerably; greatly; a lot
to differ (from); to be different; to be wrong; to be incorrect; to become abnormal; to go wrong
specialization; specialisation
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
this is why; that is the reason why; it is the case that; so; thus; with that
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
hm; um; huh?; what?; nuh-uh; no
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
hey there; I say; see here
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
at least; at most; (even) just