indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
pongee; soft thin cloth woven from raw silk
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
shooting; firing; emitting; ejection; projection; injection
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
equipment; device; installation; stage setting
throne; crown; government position; court rank; social standing; rank; grade (of quality, etc.)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
in that way; thus; so; so?
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily