indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
which way; which direction; which one (esp. of two alternatives); who
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to believe; to believe in; to place trust in; to confide in; to have faith in
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to; for; from the standpoint of; as far as ... is concerned
memories; recollections; reminiscence
earth; ground; place; territory; bottom (of a package, book, etc.); earth (one of the five elements)
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
that day; the very same day
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to throw away; to cast away; to abandon; to desert; to give up; to resign
this time; now; next time; another time; recently; lately
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
immediately; at once; soon; before long; easily; readily
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
worst; horrible; horrid; in the worst case; if worst comes to worst
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
than; from; out of; except; but; more
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
day; days; sun; sunshine; (the) day; daytime; date
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)