indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
educational institution; school; academy; campus
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
space alien; alien; extraterrestrial being
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
supervision; control; superintendence; director; superintendent; supervisor
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
adds force or indicates command
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
to request; to beg; to call; to order; to entrust to; to rely on
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
injury; wound; mistake; accident; loss