indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
adds force or indicates command
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
dot; spot; mark (in an exam, etc.); grade; point (in a game); score; point (in geometry)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
hand; handball (soccer foul)
devil; evil spirit; genie
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
complete; completion; perfection; accomplishment
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
lodging together; training camp; boarding house
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
to take; to pick up; to pass; to hand; to get; to obtain; to adopt (a method, proposal, etc.)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
supervision; control; superintendence; director; superintendent; supervisor
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till