indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indication; denotation; designation; instructions; directions
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
same; identical; equal; anyway; anyhow; in either case
one's own convenience; one's way; surroundings; environment; convenience; ease of use; financial circumstances
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
had better ...; may as well ...
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
already; now; no longer; not any more
unnecessary; not needed; not necessary
politics; government; peace; (arch.) medical treatment; (arch.) cure
together (with); at the same time; in a lump
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
lots of; a ton of; a mountain of; piles of; heaps of; so many
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
part; portion; amount; worth (as in "two days' worth"); one's means; one's place; one's duty
all; wholly; entirely; completely; without exception
to vomit; to throw up; to emit; to send forth; to give (an opinion); to make (a comment)
adds force or indicates command
hah (derisively); pooh; pfft (of something disappearing); poof; huff; puff
commander-in-chief; leader; head of a group of companies
snare; trap (for catching wild game, etc.); trap (i.e. ruse, subterfuge, etc.)
to notice; to recognize; to recognise; to become aware of; to perceive; to realize
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to attempt; to test; to try out