indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
match; game; bout; contest
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
commander-in-chief; leader; head of a group of companies
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
to start; to begin; to challenge; to pick (a fight); to set (traps); to plant (explosives)
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
supervision; control; superintendence; director; superintendent; supervisor
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
adds force or indicates command
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
educational institution; school; academy; campus
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof