indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to come out; to fall out; to fade; to discolour; to wear a hole (e.g. clothes); to leave (e.g. a meeting); to be clear
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
science (inc. mathematics, medicine, etc.); natural science; science department (university); science course; science (as a school subject)
always; without exception; necessarily; certainly; without fail; positively
to save; to rescue; to help; to assist; to support (financially); to contribute (to)
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
gotcha; alrighty; got it; OK
everyone; anyone; no one; nobody
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
now (esp. in contrast to the past); now at last; at present; right now
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
how; in what way; how about
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
spirit; mind; nature; disposition; motivation; intention
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to be caught; to be arrested; to hold on to; to grasp; to find (e.g. proof); to get (e.g. a taxi)
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
indicates supposition; if ... then; when; (typically after someone's name) indicates exasperation
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
foul play (sport); breaking the rules; infringement; irregularity
high; tall; expensive; high-priced; high (level); above average (in degree, quality, etc.)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to wake up; to awake; to awaken to (instinct, ability, perception, etc.); to become aware of; to come to one's senses
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
a short while ago; a moment ago; just now; some time ago
dangerous; risky; awful; terrible; terrific; amazing
to be found; to be discovered
having done ... by mistake; having messed up ...