classroom; lecture room; department (in a university); class; lessons; school (for a particular discipline)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
conclusion from reasoning, judgement or calculation based on something read or heard; reason; cause; meaning; circumstances; situation
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
now; the present time; just now; another; more
school principal; school headmaster; school headmistress
forest service field office
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
endurance; patience; perseverance; self-control; self-restraint
please (give me); please (do for me)
perhaps; probably; generous; many; much
work; operation; manufacturing; fatigue duty
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
medicine; pharmaceuticals; efficacious chemical (gunpowder, pesticide, etc.); (pottery) glaze; (illegal) drug; narcotic
odour; odor; scent; aura; whiff; smacks of ...
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
something; something or other; so-and-so; somehow; anyhow; one way or another
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
hello (e.g. on phone); excuse me! (when calling out to someone)
young bird; chick; fledgling; hina doll; doll displayed during the Girls' Festival
Palace of the Dragon King; palace from the story of Urashima Tarō (said to be located at the bottom of the sea)
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
from now; from the present moment; from this time forward; henceforth
immediately; at once; soon; before long; easily; readily
Eh?; What?; Come on!; Damn!
telephone call; phone call; telephone (device); phone