indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
sink (e.g. in a kitchen); cruising (e.g. taxi); strolling (entertainer, musician, etc.); washing area (in a Japanese-style bath); back-washing service (in a public bath); floating (something on water)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
cotton plant (Gossypium spp.); batting; wadding; padding
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
ogre; demon; spirit of a deceased person; ogre-like person (i.e. fierce, relentless, merciless, etc.); it (in a game of tag, hide-and-seek, etc.); Chinese "ghost" constellation (one of the 28 mansions); very
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
young bird; chick; fledgling; hina doll; doll displayed during the Girls' Festival
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
curse; divine punishment; wrath (of an angry spirit)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
lie; fib; mistake; error; unwise move; bad decision
festival; feast; carnival
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence