indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
day after tomorrow; wrong (e.g. direction)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
whole life; a lifetime; all through life; (the only, the greatest, etc.) of one's life
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
so; therefore; accordingly; consequently; on those grounds; that is why
careful; cautious; prudent; discreet; deliberate
question (e.g. on a test); problem; problem (e.g. societal, political); question; question (i.e. doubt); public discussion
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
originally; primarily; essentially; intrinsically; proper; rightful
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
should; must; -able; probably; likely
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
what the?; what's that?; what are you doing?; what's going on?
that is to say; that is; in short; in brief; clogging; obstruction; shrinkage
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
parallel universe; alternative reality; parallel world
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
in short; in a word; to sum up; to put it simply; to make a long story short; after all
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
that way; that direction; there; that (one); you; your family
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
butterfly (swimming stroke); G-string; gee-string
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
change; alteration; modification