indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
manjū; steamed yeast bun with filling
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
skin; hide; rind; peel; shell; sheath
face; mask; face guard; (in kendo) striking the head; surface (esp. a geometrical surface); page; aspect
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
dot; spot; mark (in an exam, etc.); grade; point (in a game); score; point (in geometry)
you; you bastard; you son of a bitch; (arch.) you
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
white; innocence; innocent person; blank space; white go stone; white dragon tile; skewered grilled pig intestine
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
meat soup; bouillon; juices (from grilled meat); gravy
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
shield; buckler; escutcheon; pretext
gold (Au); golden; prosperous; money (esp. ōban coin); cash
youngster; boy; young Buddhist monk; young bonze; young shop-boy; errand boy
lightweight fabric or clothing; silk gauze; thin silk; Latin (language)
long-handled Chinese spear; lance; weapon; arms; grip of a bow; parade float decorated with long-handled Chinese spears
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
adds force or indicates command
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
to laugh; to smile; to sneer; to ridicule; to be dumbfounded; to be flabbergasted
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
opposite side; bottom; rear; back; lining; inside; in the shadows