indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
honorific/polite/humble prefix
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
island; one's territory (e.g. of a sex worker, organized crime gang); one's turf
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
please (give me); please (do for me)
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
grandfather; old man; kyogen mask used for the role of an old man
blocking (e.g. the way); obstructing; block (lump of something (usu. square), area of town, etc.); block; physical record (e.g. on magnetic tape); concrete block; blocking (from view, esp. of websites, on social media, etc.)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
in that way; thus; so; so?
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
than; from; out of; except; but; more
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
startup; booting up; activation; starting (e.g. engine, computer); launch
captain (Army, U.S. Marine Corps, USAF); lieutenant (Navy); flight lieutenant (RAF, RAAF, RNZAF, etc.)
counter for houses, households, apartments, etc.
ball (for sport, games, etc.); kemari; type of football played by courtiers in ancient Japan
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")