indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
than; from; out of; except; but; more
attack; assault; raid; criticism; censure; denunciation
the way there; outbound leg; bound for ...; outbound ticket
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
force; unit; corps; squad; troops; party
mound; heap; hillock; burial mound; tomb; tumulus
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
new; neo-; newness; novelty; Gregorian calendar; Xin dynasty (China, 9-23 CE)
Lord; Sir; state minister (under the ritsuryo system); (arch.) you (in reference to someone of lower status)
original; primitive; primary; fundamental; raw
border; boundary; turning point; watershed; area; region
ball (for sport, games, etc.); kemari; type of football played by courtiers in ancient Japan
common reed (Phragmites australis)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
adds force or indicates command
intention; plan; belief; assumption; estimate; estimation
as is; as it is; as things are; like this; this way; at this rate
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
headquarters; head office; main office
counter for houses, households, apartments, etc.