indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to collect; to assemble; to gather
from now; from the present moment; from this time forward; henceforth
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to take (a resource, e.g. time or money); to hang; to come into view; to arrive; to come under (a contract, a tax); to start (engines, motors); to attend
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
departure; leaving; going away; recession
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
therefore; for that reason; such being the case
honorific/polite/humble prefix
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
(in) dire straits; (in a) serious bind; (in a) big pinch
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
frustrated (over a failure, humiliation or injustice); annoyed; chagrined; (bitterly) disappointed; bitter; vexed
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
important; serious; valuable; precious; serious matter; major incident
hostel; dormitory; (arch.) bureau (government department beneath a ministry under the ritsuryo system); (arch.) tea-ceremony room; (arch.) villa
to be crushed; to be smashed; to become useless; to cease functioning; to go bankrupt; to go out of business
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
futility; waste; uselessness; pointlessness; idleness
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...; did not ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
food; foodstuff; eating; appetite; meal; portion
ji (ancient Chinese halberd)
to lose; to be defeated; to succumb; to give in; to be inferior to; to break out in a rash due to (e.g. lacquer, shaving, etc.)
but (still); and yet; nevertheless; even so; notwithstanding
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
compulsory execution; forcible execution
beginning; start; first (in line, etc.); origin; such as ...; not to mention ...
door (Western-style, car, etc.)
to kick; to refuse; to reject; to stamp (on the ground); to firmly press one's feet (against something)
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh