sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
to match (rhythm, speed, etc.); to join together; to unite; to face; to be opposite (someone); to compare; to check with
comprehension; consent; understanding; OK; roger (on two-way radio)
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
unusual; rare; new; novel; fine (e.g. gift)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to receive; to get; to catch (e.g. a ball); to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.); to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to undergo (e.g. surgery)
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to be infected; to be contagious
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
opposite; opposition; versus; vs.; to (e.g. "winning a game five to three"); equal footing
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
to lick; to lap; to taste; to experience (esp. a hardship); to look down on (someone); to make fun of
past; after; too (much); over- (e.g. eating)
I know, right?; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!; there we go
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
hostel; dormitory; (arch.) bureau (government department beneath a ministry under the ritsuryo system); (arch.) tea-ceremony room; (arch.) villa
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
to wager; to bet; to risk; to stake; to gamble
to lose; to be defeated; to succumb; to give in; to be inferior to; to break out in a rash due to (e.g. lacquer, shaving, etc.)
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
10,000; ten thousand; myriad; everything; all; (arch.) various
to cut; to cut through; to sever (connections, ties); to turn off (e.g. the light); to terminate (e.g. a conversation); to hang up (the phone); to punch (a ticket)
sentence-ending particle expressing doubt
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
aah!; ooh!; oh no!; oh boy!