indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
than; from; out of; except; but; more
connection; attachment; changing trains; conjunction
examination; quiz; test; tryout; rehearsal (in filming)
reopening; resumption; restarting
establishment; settlement
the present; present time; as of; present tense; this world; this life
layer; cosplayer (someone who participates in cosplay); cosplayers
(telephone) call; (telephone) ring; shout; call; call loan (e.g. 30-day call); call money
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
start; commencement; beginning; initiation
please (give me); please (do for me)
comprehension; consent; understanding; OK; roger (on two-way radio)
strangeness; abnormality; disorder
indication; expression; display; displaying; representation; (copyright) attribution
without; unacceptable; not alright; unsatisfactory
callback; recall (of defective products)
confirmation; verification; validation; review; check; affirmation
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
retreat; falling back; recession; waning; backspace (key)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
twice; again; second time
to raise; to elevate; to do up (one's hair); to fly (a kite, etc.); to launch (fireworks, etc.); to land (a boat); to show someone (into a room)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
demand; firm request; requisition; requirement; desire
negative (e.g. thinking); negative; negative (electrical polarity)
purpose; goal; aim; objective; intention
to be contrary to; to be inconsistent with; to act contrary to (rules or guidelines); to violate; to oppose; to rebel
time; hour; period; class
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
execution (e.g. of a plan); carrying out; practice; action; implementation; fulfillment
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
strange; odd; unexpected; change; incident; disturbance
to leave as; to view as; to maintain the status quo
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold