indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
tao-tie (mythological Chinese creature engraved on bronzeware during the Shang and Zhou dynasties); brutal person; coveting of wealth (property, etc.)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
official; formal; formula (e.g. mathematical); official (social media) account (of a company, organization, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
strange; unconventional; eccentric; odd; odd number
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
(one's) older brother; lad; sonny
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
junk; rubbish; trash; garbage; odds and ends
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
installation (esp. software)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
now; the present time; just now; another; more
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...; did not ...
level; standard; level (plane); floor; spirit level; (surveyor's) level
rhombus; rhomb; lozenge; diamond shape
chaos; confusion; disorder; chaotic; confused; uncertain
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement