indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
suffix for familiar person
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
association; link; connection; pledge (esp. for marriage); promise
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
iris (flower); Siberian iris (Iris sanguinea); (arch.) sweet flag (Acorus calamus); (arch.) calamus
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
event; affair; incident; case; plot; trouble
head of a school (of music, dance); head family of a school
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
letter; missive; note; mail
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
honorific/polite/humble prefix
I; me; personal (affairs, etc.); private; selfishness; partiality
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way
inner sanctuary; inner shrine; sanctum sanctorum; holy of holies; place behind main hall of a temple enshrining temple founder, miraculous Buddhas, hidden statues, etc.
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
to write; to compose; to pen; to draw; to paint
house of parliament (congress, diet, etc.); graduate school; postgraduate school; institution (often medical); institutional building; sub-temple; minor temple building
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)