worst; horrible; horrid; in the worst case; if worst comes to worst
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
Metropolis (of Tokyo); (Tokyo) Metropolitan District; counter for cities and towns; capital
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
thank you (for the meal); that was a delicious meal; thank you (for displaying lovey-dovey behaviour)
song; singing; classical Japanese poem (esp. tanka); modern poetry
happiness; good fortune; luck; blessing
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
singing voice; (sound of) singing
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
wonderful; marvelous; strange; strangely enough; oddly enough; for some reason
to grow hot (e.g. water); to boil; to get excited (at); to erupt (in applause, cheering, etc.); to ferment; to melt (of metal)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
aid; assistance; help; cheering; rooting (for); support
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
small quantity; little; little while; short distance
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to persevere; to persist; to insist that; to stick to (one's opinion); to remain in a place; to stick to one's post
(please) try to; (please) look; seeing; looking
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)