indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
young lady of noble birth; princess (esp. in Western contexts, tales, etc.); girl; small; cute; (arch.) prostitute
worst; horrible; horrid; in the worst case; if worst comes to worst
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
hah (derisively); pooh; pfft (of something disappearing); poof; huff; puff
hit; success; guess; prediction; affability; friendliness; sensation
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
often; frequently; lightly (of a movement); easily; simply
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")