indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
devil; demon; Satan; the Devil; Māra; evil spirits or forces that hinder one's path to enlightenment
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
farmland; rice field or paddy
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
to drink; to gulp; to smoke (tobacco); to engulf; to overwhelm; to keep down; to suppress
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to kill; to slay; to suppress; to block; to suppress (a voice, feelings, etc.); to hold back
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
suffix for familiar person
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
the front; honesty; uprightness; decency; normality
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
adds force or indicates command
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
contract; compact; agreement
guy; fellow; chap; bastard; asshole; arsehole
new face; newcomer; rookie; modern humans (from Cro-Magnon man onwards)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you