indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
abdomen; belly; womb; one's mind; one's real intentions; courage; nerve
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
name; given name; first name
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
farmland; rice field or paddy
previously; before; first; before (something or someone else); beforehand; in advance
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to put; to place; to leave (behind); to establish (an organization, a facility, a position, etc.); to set up; to appoint (someone to a certain position); to hire
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
from now on; after this; in the future; from here; from this point
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to keep (a pet or other animal); to have; to own; to raise; to rear; to feed
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
dog (Canis (lupus) familiaris); squealer; rat; loser; asshole; counterfeit
to be needed; to be wanted
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
judgement; judgment; appraisal (e.g. of an antique); evaluation; forensics; (criminal) identification
lesson; section (in an organization); division; counter for lessons and chapters (of a book)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
tender; kind; gentle; graceful; affectionate; amiable
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
to come to like; to become fond of; to fall in love