indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
living by oneself; living alone
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
to play (games, sports); to enjoy oneself; to mess about (with alcohol, gambling, philandery, etc.); to be idle; to do nothing; to meet up (with friends); to hang out
(common) cold; influenza; flu; ague; inflammatory respiratory system illness (in general)
kana; Japanese syllabary (i.e. hiragana, katakana)
after this; henceforth; henceforward; from now on
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to raise; to elevate; to do up (one's hair); to fly (a kite, etc.); to launch (fireworks, etc.); to land (a boat); to deep-fry
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
hello; good day; good afternoon
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
first-person plural (or singular); second or third person plural (implies speaker is of higher status than those referred to)
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
let me see; well; errr ...; uhh ...
(not) particularly; (not) especially; (not) specially; separately; apart; additionally
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
adds force or indicates command
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
that is so; that is right; it looks to me; people say that; it is said that; I hear that
excuse me; pardon me; I'm sorry; thank you
please remember me; please help me; please treat me well; please do; please take care of
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")