indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
living by oneself; living alone
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
to play (games, sports); to enjoy oneself; to mess about (with alcohol, gambling, philandery, etc.); to be idle; to do nothing; to meet up (with friends); to hang out
(common) cold; influenza; flu; ague; inflammatory respiratory system illness (in general)
Mr; master; Ms; miss; (arch.) sir; (arch.) madam
kana; Japanese syllabaries (i.e. hiragana and katakana)
after this; henceforth; henceforward; from now on
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to raise; to elevate; to move something (to a higher place); to put onto (e.g. a shelf); to increase (price, quality, status, etc.); to raise (a wage); to show someone (into a room)
Mr; Mrs; Miss; politeness marker
hello; good day; good afternoon
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
first-person plural (or singular); second or third person plural (implies speaker is of higher status than those referred to)
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
let me see; well; errr ...; uhh ...
(not) particularly; (not) especially; (not) specially; separately; apart; additionally
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
adds force to a statement, decision or conclusion; indicates command; (strongly) emphasizes the previous word; adds focus; some- (e.g. something, someone)
that is so; that is right; it looks to me; people say that; it is said that; I hear that
then; well; so; well then
excuse me; pardon me; I'm sorry; thank you; you shouldn't have; it's too much
please remember me; please help me; please treat me well; please do; please take care of
early evening (usu. from 3pm to 6pm); dusk
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to go to meet (someone); to go to pick up
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; used for soft emphasis or to soften a statement or request; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn