indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
living by oneself; living alone
hm; um; huh?; what?; nuh-uh; no
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
to forget; to leave carelessly; to be forgetful of; to forget about; to forget (an article)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
understood; I see; OK; present; here
suffix for familiar person
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
soft; tender; limp; subdued (colour or light) (color); gentle; meek
moisturizing; maintenance of humidity
adds force or indicates command
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
cute; adorable; dear; precious; innocent; childlike
plain; simple; reserved (behaviour, attitude, etc.); modest; quite; a (little) bit
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to buy; to purchase; to value; to have a high opinion; to stir; to provoke
box; case; car (of a train, etc.); shamisen case; shamisen; public building; community building
hello; good day; good afternoon
so much; so often; oh, yes!; that's it; that's right; quite
recommendation; advice; suggestion; encouragement
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
arrival of goods; goods received
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
a new product joining a group of other products
tax included (e.g. price); before tax (e.g. salary)