indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
waterway; channel; wake (of a ship)
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
suffix for familiar person
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
shadow; silhouette; reflection; image; ominous sign; light (stars, moon)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
tide; current; sea water; opportunity; chance; thin soup of fish or shellfish boiled in seawater
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
overlooking; looking down at; having an overhead view; having a bird's-eye view; having a high-angle view
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
same; identical; equal; anyway; anyhow; in either case
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
to kill; to slay; to suppress; to block; to suppress (a voice, feelings, etc.); to hold back
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
time; hour; period; class
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!