I'm home!; I'm back!; now; at present; just now; a moment ago
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
you said; he said; even if; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
you (when referring to one's equals or inferiors)
more than usual; especially; particularly
worn-out; ragged; crumbling; dry and crumbly; falling (in drops or clumps); scattering
isn't it?; let's ...; why don't we ...; how about we ...
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
spirit; mind; nature; disposition; intention; mind; mood
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
to finish; to end; to have a result less severe than expected; to feel at ease; to feel unease or guilt for troubling someone; to be sorry
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to be absent; to take a day off; to rest; to have a break; to go to bed; to (lie down to) sleep
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
no; you're welcome; not at all; don't mention it
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
early; a little earlier than usual; a little faster than usual; slightly quicker
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to get up; to rise; to wake up; to be awake; to occur (usu. of unfavourable incidents); to happen
to go; to move (towards); to move through; to travel across; to go (well, badly, etc.); to proceed; to do (in a particular way)
what; how; what (a) ...!; how ...!; surprisingly; to my amazement
why; how; for what reason
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
to cry; to shed tears; to suffer (from); to be troubled (by); to accept (an unreasonable request, loss, etc.); to do reluctantly
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
sometime; someday; one day; some time or other; the other day; in due course
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
something; something or other; so-and-so; somehow (handling, dealing with something); anyhow; one way or another
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement