cat (esp. the domestic cat, Felis catus); shamisen; geisha; wheelbarrow; clay bed-warmer; bottom; submissive partner of a homosexual relationship
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to approach; to draw near; to get close; to get acquainted with; to get closer to; to get to know
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
wrong; not good; hopeless; past hope; must not do
posture; pose; position; attitude; approach; stance
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
low (rank, degree, value, content, quality, etc.); low (position); close to the ground; short (height); deep (voice); in a low key
come; come now; well; who knows; well now; let's see
How did you like ...?; How about ...?; What's going on?; How's it going?
hostility; animosity; enmity
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
yes?; no?; isn't it?; is it?
slowly; unhurriedly; easily (e.g. in time); well; well (e.g. sleep); comfortably
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
terrible; dreadful; amazing (e.g. of strength); great (e.g. of skills); to a great extent; vast (in numbers)
adds force or indicates command
television; TV; TV program; TV programme; TV broadcast
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
information; news; intelligence; information; data contained in characters, signals, code, etc.
thanks to ...; owing to ...; because of ...
so; like this; in this way
near; neighbourhood; nearly (e.g. "it took nearly one year"); close to; shortly; soon
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
easy; trifling; harmless; nothing of the sort; not at all
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker