indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
to tease; to make fun of; to poke fun at; to make a crack about; to chaff; to kid
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
cold (to the touch); chilly; icy; (emotionally) cold; coldhearted; unfeeling
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
together (with); at the same time; in a lump
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
something like ...; things like ...; someone like ...; the likes of ...
tactics; strategy; military operation; naval operation
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
in that way; thus; so; so?
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
to be troubled; to have difficulty; to be bothered; to be inconvenienced; to be badly off; to be hard up
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
question; inquiry; enquiry
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so