indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
suffix for familiar person
writer (of a poem); composer (of a poem)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
karuta; traditional Japanese playing cards
kana; Japanese syllabary (i.e. hiragana, katakana)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
banknote; bill; note; paper money
cherry tree; cherry blossom; fake buyer; paid audience; hired applauder; horse meat
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to take; to pick up; to pass; to hand; to get; to obtain; to adopt (a method, proposal, etc.)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
ticket; token; label; tag; sign; card; playing card
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
hakama; man's formal divided skirt
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
to send (a thing); to dispatch; to take or escort (a person somewhere); to see off (a person); to bid farewell (to the departed); to bury; to spend (time)
mountain; hill; mine (e.g. coal mine); heap; pile; crown (of a hat); thread (of a screw)
class-A; A class; A grade