indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
wow!; oh!; yeah!; alright!; waah!; boohoo!
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
hmm; well ...; humph; roughly; harshly; violently
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
person; -er; (arch.) expert; (arch.) geisha; (arch.) prostitute
older brother; elder brother
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
aah!; ooh!; oh no!; oh boy!
aaah!; oooh!; oh no!; oh boy!
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
general; admiral; head; chief; old chap; mate
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
phew; whew; huff; whoo; wohoo
samurai general (esp. during the Sengoku period)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
to cover; to hide; to conceal; to wrap; to disguise
battle formation; camp; encampment; group; gang; war
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...