indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
name; given name; first name
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
island in a pond or river
city; Tokyo Metropolitan Assembly
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
educational institution; school; academy; campus
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
really; truly; indeed; good grief
to become familiar with; to fit in; to adapt oneself; to get used to; to grow accustomed to
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to collect; to assemble; to gather
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
incompetence; inefficiency; inability; incompetent person
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
reality; actuality; hard fact
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
person; -er; (arch.) expert; (arch.) geisha; (arch.) prostitute
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
homework; assignment; pending issue; unresolved problem; open question
to come along; to come around; to turn up; to arrive at the present; to get where one is; to have been doing something (for a period of time)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
I; me; self-centered man; egotistical man; pompous man
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work