indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
language; dialect; word; phrase; speech; (manner of) speaking
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to connect; to link together; to tie; to fasten; to maintain; to preserve
mind; heart; spirit; the meaning of a phrase (riddle, etc.)
road; path; route; way; distance; journey; road (e.g. to victory)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
thin; slender; fine; unlucky
to break off; to come to an end; to be interrupted; to be cut short; to pause
easy; likely to ...; have a tendency to ...; easy to ...
that is so; that is right; it looks to me; people say that; it is said that; I hear that
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
existence; possession; having; limited company
suffix for familiar person
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
worry; concern; anxiety; care; help; aid
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
what's the matter?; what's wrong?; what happened (to) ...?; what have you done (with) ...?; where is ...?
in that way; thus; so; so?
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
which way; which direction; which one (esp. of two alternatives); who
excuse me; pardon me; I'm sorry; thank you
glasses; eyeglasses; spectacles; judgment; judgement; discrimination
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
careless; thoughtless; hasty; rash
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
good-natured person; good person; (one's) lover; boyfriend; girlfriend
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine