indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
old; aged; long; since long ago; of the distant past; long-ago
memory; recollection; remembrance; storage
beginning; outset; first; onset
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
preparation; arrangements; provision; getting ready; laying out (e.g. a meal)
body; torso; trunk; build; physique; health
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
life; life force; lifetime; lifespan; most important thing; foundation
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
bowl; vessel; container; ability; capacity; calibre
that is so; that is right; it looks to me; people say that; it is said that; I hear that
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
you (when referring to one's equals or inferiors)
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
permission; approval; authorization; to permit; to authorize
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
having slow reflexes; bad at sports; unathletic person
suffix for familiar person
heat; fever; temperature; zeal; passion
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
lie; fib; mistake; error; unwise move; bad decision
-like; sort of; similar to; resembling
to come down; to go down; to hang; to dangle; to move back; to step back; to deteriorate
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
roulette-like street gambling; portable tape-recorder (used by reporters)
worry; concern; anxiety; care; help; aid
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
electricity; (electric) light
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
to cure; to heal; to fix; to correct; to do over again; to replace
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage