indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
glasses; eyeglasses; spectacles; judgment; judgement; discrimination
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
telephone call; phone call; telephone (device); phone
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
suffix for familiar person
roulette-like street gambling; portable tape-recorder (used by reporters)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
to remove; to take off; to drop (e.g. from a team); to remove (from a position); to leave (e.g. one's seat); to go away from
computer; cyberbrain; digital brain
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
in that way; thus; so; so?
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
receiving; reception; eating; drinking; please; please do for me
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
no good; not serving its purpose; hopeless; wasted; cannot; must not
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
strange; odd; unexpected; change; incident; disturbance
black; dark; blackish; suspicious; criminal; darkened and dirty; sooty
body; physique; shape; form; substance; identity; field
fumi-e; fumie; tablet bearing Christian images, on which Edo-period authorities forced suspected Christians to trample; allegiance test; loyalty test