indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
language; dialect; word; phrase; speech; (manner of) speaking
originally; primarily; essentially; intrinsically; proper; rightful
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
always; without exception; necessarily; certainly; without fail; positively
myself; yourself; I; me; you
to advance; to go forward; to precede; to go ahead (of); to make progress; to improve; to deepen
should; must; -able; probably; likely
road; path; route; way; distance; journey; road (e.g. to victory)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
that is so; that is right; it looks to me; people say that; it is said that; I hear that
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
number one; first; best; most; game; round
important; serious; valuable; precious; serious matter; major incident
it is ... that ...; precisely; although; while; it is precisely because ... that ...; only because ...
to lose sight of; to miss
apt to (do); liable to; predominantly; mostly; ... reaps the rewards; ... takes the prize
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...; did not ...
fumi-e; fumie; tablet bearing Christian images, on which Edo-period authorities forced suspected Christians to trample; allegiance test; loyalty test
cram school; private tutoring school
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
future (usually near); prospects
to lose one's way; to get lost
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
analysis; analytical study; parsing; parse
how; in what way; how about
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to discover; to find (e.g. an error in a book); to locate; to find (e.g. something missing); to be used to seeing; to be familiar with
previously; before; first; before (something or someone else); beforehand; in advance
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
seeming ...; appearing ...; -ish; like a ...; typical of ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
moustache; beard; whiskers (on a cat, etc.); feelers (on an insect, etc.); shadow (on a candlestick chart)
in succession; one by one
to appear; to come in sight; to become visible; to be expressed (e.g. emotions); to become apparent (e.g. trends, effects)
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity