moustache; beard; whiskers (on a cat, etc.); feelers (on an insect, etc.); shadow (on a candlestick chart)
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
rumour; rumor; report; hearsay; gossip; common talk
era; CE (Common Era); AD (Anno Domini)
minute (unit of time); fun (one tenth of a monme, 5.787 grains)
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to guide; to lead; to show the way; to derive; to deduce
to give; to confer; to bestow; to kindly do for one; to oblige; to favour
that is so; that is right; it looks to me; people say that; it is said that; I hear that
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
no good; not serving its purpose; hopeless; wasted; cannot; must not
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
fumi-e; fumie; tablet bearing Christian images, on which Edo-period authorities forced suspected Christians to trample; allegiance test; loyalty test
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to be no match for (e.g. outclassed in authority, strength or in debt to); to be unable to act on an equal basis with
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
fall; tumble; spill; degradation; comedown; demotion
as is; as it is; as things are; like this; this way; at this rate
to be ruined (reduced to poverty); to fall low; to go under; to come to ruin
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
last days; the end; one's fate
South Pole; the Antarctic; Antarctica
death from cold; freezing to death
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
number one; first; best; most; game; round
below; down; bottom; beneath; underneath; just after; right after
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
to fall down; to drop; to be omitted; to be missing; to decrease; to sink; to fail (e.g. exam or class)
end; conclusion; last; final; no sooner than; once
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
having slow reflexes; bad at sports; unathletic person
precisely; exactly; plumb; damn; stupid; cursed