indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
moving to new seats; moving to new desks
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
seat; location (of a gathering, etc.); place; position; post
two persons; two people; pair; couple
to be seen; to be in sight; to look; to seem; to come
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
together (with); at the same time; in a lump
to raise; to elevate; to do up (one's hair); to fly (a kite, etc.); to launch (fireworks, etc.); to land (a boat); to deep-fry
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
cooking; cookery; cuisine; dealing with something; handling; administration
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")