indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to return; to come home; to leave; to get home; to get to home plate
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
for the first time; only after ... is it ...; only when ... do you ...; first time; (one's) first
above ground; on the ground; earth's surface; this world; this earth
in that way; thus; so; so?
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
promise; agreement; convention; rule; destiny; fate
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
on the occasion of; circumstances; juncture
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few