indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
god; deity; divinity; spirit; kami
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
second lieutenant; sublieutenant; ensign
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
father (esp. used in samurai families prior to the Meiji period)
brown bear (Ursus arctos)
exemplar; model; example; pattern
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
prefix for forming ordinal numbers
saucepan; pot; stew; hot pot
lieutenant general; vice-admiral
white stone; white (go pieces)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
adds force or indicates command
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
to meet; to encounter; to see; to have an accident; to have a bad experience