indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
come; come now; well; who knows; well now; let's see
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
anyhow; at all events; in any case; either way; anyway
life and death; samsara (cycle of death and rebirth); death
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to ascertain; to check; to make sure
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
(arch.) Chinese "Extended Net" constellation (one of the 28 mansions); counter for objects with stretched strings (i.e. bows, kotos), curtains, papers, etc.
to move; to stir; to operate; to run; to make a move; to take action; to be touched
surely; undoubtedly; sternly; severely; having no slack; rigid
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
clue; lead; key; handhold; hold
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to leave (behind); to leave (undone); to not finish; to save; to set aside; to leave (to someone, esp. after one's death)
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
stuffing; mounting; stuffed animal
skin; hide; rind; peel; shell; sheath
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
spurious article; forgery; counterfeit; imitation; sham
tattoo (esp. a traditional Japanese one); tattooing
-ian (e.g. Italian); -ite (e.g. Tokyoite); -er (e.g. performer, etc.); person working with ...; man; person
always; without exception; necessarily; certainly; without fail; positively
point in common; common feature
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
be supposed or expected to (do); be sure to (do); ought to (do)
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
outside; exterior; the open (air); other place; somewhere else
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
to shoot (at); to attack; to defeat; to destroy
adds force or indicates command
now; the present time; just now; another; more