indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
harvest; crop; ingathering; fruits (of one's labors); gain; result
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
sky; the air; weather; far-off place; distant place; state of mind; feeling
to cross over; to go across; to extend; to cover; to range
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
group; crowd; flock; herd; bevy; school
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
treasure; treasured item; prized possession
to bring; to take; to bring about
salmon (Salmonidae spp.); chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
river; stream; River; the ... river
to go upstream; to go back (in time, to origin); to date back to; to trace back to
news; word; tidings; omen
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
god; deity; incredible; fantastic; (arch.) Emperor (of Japan); (arch.) thunder
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
to adopt (method, proposal, etc.); to take (measure, course of action, etc.); to pick (e.g. flowers); to gather (e.g. mushrooms); to extract (e.g. juice); to take (e.g. a sample); to assume (an attitude)
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
hardy kiwi (Actinidia arguta); kiwi berry; tara vine; bower vine
truth; reality; sincerity; honesty; content; substance
skillful; skilful; delicious; appetizing; fortunate; splendid
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
very; awfully; exceedingly; (not) at all; by no means; simply (cannot)
sweet-tasting; sweet; fragrant (smelling); sweet (music); lightly salted; light in salt; naive
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
amount necessary to fill a container (e.g. cupful, spoonful, etc.); drink (usu. alcoholic); full; one squid, octopus, crab, etc.; one boat; fully; to capacity