indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
gene; fanzine; zine; jeans
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
no good; not serving its purpose; hopeless; wasted; cannot; must not
chorus (esp. in Greek drama); choir
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
in that way; thus; so; so?
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
to permit; to allow; to forgive; to pardon; to exempt (someone) from; to remit; to acknowledge
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
to stop (an activity); to cease; to discontinue; to cancel; to abandon; to give up
ghostly air; weird air; unearthly atmosphere
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
how; in what way; how about
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least