indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
(some) more; even more; longer; further
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
adds force or indicates command
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
no good; not serving its purpose; hopeless; wasted; cannot; must not
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
to kill; to slay; to suppress; to block; to suppress (a voice, feelings, etc.); to hold back
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
damn; damn it; feces; excrement; damn; damned; very